__debug__ — Expert Playground
True under normal execution; False when run with -O flag
Python Playground
# Exception groups (Python 3.11+)
import sys
print(f"Python {sys.version}")
# Exception hierarchy inspection
print(f"__debug__ MRO:")
for cls in __debug__.__mro__:
print(f" {cls.__name__}")
# Exception attributes
try:
raise __debug__("example error")
except __debug__ as e:
print(f"\nException attributes:")
print(f" args: {e.args}")
print(f" __traceback__: {type(e.__traceback__)}")
# Traceback manipulation
import traceback
tb_lines = traceback.format_exception(type(e), e, e.__traceback__)
print(f" Traceback lines: {len(tb_lines)}")
Output
Click "Run" to execute your code
Understanding the exception hierarchy and traceback system helps build robust error handling and debugging tools.
Challenge
Try modifying the code above to explore different behaviors. Can you extend the example to handle a new use case?